4/9/2023 0 Comments Hexavalent chromium exposurePretreatment with LCF significantly mitigated PDC-induced testicular toxicity by enhancing spermogram, improving hormonal levels, restoring testicular oxidant/antioxidant balance, and decreasing testicular IL-1, IL6, IL-10, and TNFα levels, and amending both FasL and Nrf2 immunohistochemical-expression. Moreover, it upregulated testicular proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α, induced histopathological changes in testes with significant immunohistochemical expression of FasL and moderate expression of Nrf2. Additionally, PDC decreased the levels of testicular key antioxidant biomarkers (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH)) with elevated lipid peroxidation marker (TBARS) and testicular chromium content. PDC significantly upregulated serum FSH and downregulated testosterone levels. PDC-intoxicated rats showed a significantly altered spermogram with abnormal sperm morphology. Six groups of male rats of Wistar stain were randomly categorized into: group 1, which served as the control group 2 and 3 received LCF (200 and 300 mg/kg orally, respectively) group 4 received PDC (2 mg/kg i.p.) group 5 and 6 pretreated with LCF, followed by PDC as in group 4 with 90 min apart for 28 days. The goal of the current work was to study the potential efficacy of LCF in preventing PDC(CrVI)-induced testicular toxicity and oxidative injury in rats. Lactoferrin (LCF), a potent naturally occurring antioxidant, is a crucial component in preventing potassium dichromate (PDC) toxicity. Future research directions are suggested and provide the application of adsorbents for Cr removal from waters. The advantages and disadvantages of Cr removal methods were also described. This review comprehensively demonstrated the Cr removal technologies in the literature to date. A number of methods such as adsorption, electrochemical treatment, physico-chemical methods, biological removal, and membrane filtration have been devised for efficient Cr removal from water. Therefore, research on Cr remediation from water has attracted much attention recently. Cr 3+ in wastewater can be transformed into Cr 6+ when it enters the environment. Cr 3+ is an essential trace element while Cr 6+ is a dangerous and carcinogenic element, which is of great concern globally due to its extensive applications in various industrial processes such as textiles, manufacturing of inks, dyes, paints, and pigments, electroplating, stainless steel, leather, tanning, and wood preservation, among others. Dermal exposure to hexavalent chromium may cause contact dermatitis, sensitivity, and ulceration of the skin.Ĭhromium (Cr) exists in aqueous solution as trivalent (Cr 3+) and hexavalent (Cr 6+) forms. Chronic human exposure to high levels of hexavalent chromium by inhalation or oral exposure may produce effects on the liver, kidney, gastrointestinal, and immune systems, and possibly the blood. Chronic inhalation exposure to hexavalent chromium results in effects on the respiratory tract, with perforations and ulcerations of the septum, bronchitis, decreased pulmonary function, pneumonia, and nasal itching and soreness as reported. The respiratory tract is the major target organ for hexavalent chromium following the inhalation exposure in humans. Hexavalent chromium is known to have 100-fold more toxicity than trivalent chromium, for both acute and chronic exposures because of its high water solubility and mobility, as well as easy reduction. Ore refining, chemical and refractory processing, cement-producing plants, automobile brake lining, catalytic converters for automobiles, leather tanneries, and chrome pigments contribute to the atmospheric burden of chromium. The compounds exhibit a wide range of geometries including square planar, tetrahedral, octahedral, and various distorted geometries. Chromium exists in oxidation states ranging from −IV to +VI, inclusively.
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